As ex-coup plotter, Buhari not qualified to rule–Dele Momodu, NCP presidential candidate

Posted by admin Muhammadu Buhari (1983-85, 2015 - 2023), Presidency Sunday, March 6th, 2011

Those who underrate him, those who think he is just another political wannabe must have started asking themselves this crucial question: have we been fair to Dele Momodu?
The answer to that poser is as clear as daylight. But in a political climate that has been seriously polluted by desperadoes and dominated by people with obscene wealth, it is quite easy for some people not to want to reckon with him as a ‘serious’ contender in the race to the Aso Rock Presidential Villa.

That is why Momodu, a man of humble beginnings, who has been ruling his destiny through dint of hard work and unwavering commitment to his cause, has come out smoking, flaunting his capacity to project more receptive political personality than most of the ‘big men’ traversing the country’s chaotic space.
To convince doubting Thomases that he has what it takes to be president, come May 29, the Ovation publisher-turned-presidential candidate of the National Conscience Party (NCP), goes back in time, tracing his political trajectory to 1983, when he was appointed private secretary of the then Deputy Governor of Ondo State, Chief Akin Omoboriowo. He impresses with how he coursed through the riots that turned Ondo State to a huge hell on earth, as well as his involvement in virtually all the country’s major political developments since that date, the biggest being the June 12, 1993, watershed.

Momodu adds up all the highpoints of his impressive credentials and declares that he is more eminently qualified to rule Nigeria than General Muhammadu Buhari, incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan, and other ‘big men’ now strutting the land, angling for the soul of Nigeria.
Here are excerpts of the interview:

From the way you spoke just now, it appears you are not quite with your colleagues, journalists, on this race…
It’s not as if I’m not pleased with them, but some of my colleagues, journalists underrate me. But I’m not surprised. Right through when I was in school, I was always underrated by people who thought I was playful. And my secret was that you would never see me when I am working. You can only see me when I am playing.

Why was that so?
Because I am the type of person that always do things my way. So, it is very difficult for you to know precisely when I am busy. And then I have this demeanour of someone who is not serious because I can joke with anything. My life is easy-going. I don’t compete with everybody. I only compete with myself. I don’t hate anybody, but rather people hate me. That is just me. If I am hungry, you won’t know because I am big.

The only hunger you used to show when we were in Concord was the hunger for your Guilder.
(Laughs…) You still remember, my brother. I was one of the few people who could bring a bottle of beer into the newsroom. You know that we used to have a ‘bush canteen’ in Concord, and if you want to drink you have to go there. But I broke all the rules even when I was in African Concord. For instance, we had something like a tariff that guided travels. If you are a reporter, you cannot spend more than N30 a day. N30 was not a small amount of money then. If you are a staff writer, you cannot spend more than N45 a day. But in my own case, I will travel and bring a bill to Louis Obi (the Editor-in-Chief), and say that I spent N100. The man will flare up and say, ‘you are getting too expensive, Dele.’ And I would say ‘yes, my stories are getting expensive too. He would just say, ‘okay’ and he would sign the paper.

The only person I could not bully was Bayo Onanuga (Editor), who is an Ijebu man. Anytime I came, and Bayo was acting editor, I would hide my claim until Louis Obi would come back. Oh, we had fun. I could do all that because my stories were stories that editors loved to have; and because I was good in writing, in fact, Mike Awoyinfa wrote about that many times in his column that I was an editor’s delight, because when I write, it is final. There is nothing an editor needs to do again. In fact, Louis Obi gave me a theory that he prefers to hire a writer than a reporter. He said that a writer can report, but a reporter may not be able to write. He just goes there, gets the raw material and usually, if you are not able to write, you may not be able to present the report well. That was why he preferred good writers. That was why he had people like Ike Okonta and the rest of them. That was what happened. He made sure that the writer was king.
But some editors prefer the opposite. Some editors prefer reporters because they (editors) can rewrite the stories reporters who couldn’t write well bring in.

Oh yes. I used to re-write a lot. Even in the days of May Ellen Ezekiel (the late publisher of the defunct Weekend Classique), when she was writing a column for Weekend Concord, that was what brought me close to her. Then, there was a particular period when I was doing the SAP (Structural Adjustment Programme) riots in May 1989. We had just started Weekend Concord when the event occurred. She saw me writing a story, with one of my legs on the table, and as usual, my bottle of Guilder by my side. So, she said, ‘How can you be writing a story and you are drinking?’ And I said, ‘Well, whenever I have very tough situations like this, I like to have a pint of beer.’ And Concord was still like an Islamic Empire then, and people didn’t expect me to get away from things like that. But I think I got away with so many things because of my work. I was a workaholic then.

Meanwhile, in the first edition of the paper, the headline was Black Wednesday in Lagos. I was not in Lagos when the riot took place. I was not in Lagos when the first edition was produced. I came after they had produced the first edition. I told the editor, ‘this is nonsense’. I had a different perspective. And that was one thing that drew me close to Mr. Mike Awoyinfa. I could talk to my boss. I came in and I threw the paper on his table, and I said: ‘Editor, how can you produce this thing? You are saying Black Wednesday and the paper is coming out on Saturday? From Wednesday to Saturday, it would have turned white from black.’

Everybody there laughed. So, he said, ‘what are you suggesting?’
I said, nobody has had the courage to write about what led to the riots in the first place. Everybody just said there was a riot, but nobody wrote the nitty-gritty of the events. He said, ‘can you write it?’ And I said ‘I am ready’. You will not believe it, I produced what I believed was a masterpiece. It was one of my best stories ever in Concord. I started by saying, ‘A rumour developed wings in Benin City, and like a bush fire in harmattan, it took on a new dimension in Lagos.’ And I was painting very vivid imagination of what happened. Fortunately, Chief M.K.O. Abiola had just come back from a trip abroad and he brought us the latest Ebony. Those who were carrying the rumour said it was published in Ebony, in America, that Maryam Babangida owned one of the biggest boutiques in France, and that the then First Family stashed so much money somewhere.

We checked the magazine, page-to-page, there was nothing like that. So, in my story, I quoted what everybody was saying and I said we have a copy of Ebony with us. And number two, Ebony was not known for writing rumours, and we did a bromide so people could see. So, even if government wanted to get angry that we were repeating what people were saying, there was balance in the story. And that is what helped me in journalism, even till today. I always balance my story.

Then there was another great story you wrote on Mike Uyi…
Yeah, he was the president of the Student Union Government of the University of Ibadan. He was an occasional student, and he stayed so long on the campus, he would not graduate. People, at the time, actually believed that he was a government agent. At the end of the day, he himself bowed to my style of reporting. That was one thing about my stories, even if you didn’t like them, you could not fault the facts. They were clear.

Most people who watched you from afar would wonder what used to drive you. Whenever you go for story, you always got the story?
I came to Lagos out of joblessness. I was always mindful of my background. I was always mindful of the fact that I came from a very poor family. We didn’t have a single rich man from the first generation to the last generation in my family. So, I was desperate to break the jinx of poverty in the family. My mother was growing old and I had lost my father at the age of 13. And I knew my huge responsibility within my family. I knew that the only key that would unlock my future was hard work. That was what propelled me.

How many of you did your dad leave behind?
We were three. And I was the last-born. And out of all of us, I was the only child from my mother. My father had two children before me. And my mother also had two children elsewhere before me. So, I am the lastborn for the both of them.
But you never had the opportunity of being pampered before his death?
For the few years he was alive, he tried his best. My father had started life as a labourer with the Public Works Department (PWD) in the old Western Region. He came from the old Mid-West. How he settled in Ile-Ife, I don’t know. I just know that he settled in Ife, met my mother and they fell in love and got married.
He was in the Ooni’s palace…
(Cuts in…) No. It was Dele Giwa’s father and Dele Agekameh’s father that were in the palace. Our stories are funny. There were three Deles, and all the three are from Afemai, and they all grew up in Ile-Ife. Dele Giwa’s father was like a steward or washerman to the then Ooni of Ife, Oba Adesoji Aderemi. We used to call Dele Agekameh’s father Baba John II. I think he was nicknamed after Pope John II. He was in the palace also serving the Ooni. My own father also came from the Mid-West. My father was from Ihievbe in Owan Local Government Area of Edo State, from Afemai. In fact, the Afemai World Congress has already issued a statement that they will produce the next president since they have been able to produce the first governor of Afemai extraction in Comrade Adams Oshiomhole. My father was a labourer at the PWD. But my mother had a shop, a beer parlour, and was selling right in front of the place. It was at No. 2, Atiba Square, Ile-Ife. Dele Giwa also grew up in the same No 2, Atiba Square. So, we were all growing up within that precinct of the palace. And funny enough we all grew up to be journalists. There was a fourth Dele, Dele Olojede, who was from Modakeke. As at that time, there was no difference between Ife and Modakeke. We grew up together. I used to go to his house practically every day. All four of us, the four Deles, grew up together and became journalists.
It is so funny. The four of you grew up in the same environment, came from the same poor background, grew up to become journalists of note. How much did fate play in all of this?
I always tell people that I am a child of destiny. Nobody can convince me otherwise. If you look at where we were coming from, nobody can convince me otherwise. Can you imagine how poor Dele Giwa’s parents were? Can you imagine the child of a washerman becoming the biggest icon in Nigerian journalism? Then, Dele Agekameh rose to become a major force in Tell magazine. It was Dele Giwa that introduced him to Newswatch and from there, they moved to Tell and they became a phenomenon there. And then I came, and like Dele Giwa, I passed through Concord. And from then, I stated moving.
How did you get into Concord in the first place?
I was introduced to Louis Obi by Onukaba Adinoyi-Ojo. He met me when I was managing Motel Royal Limited, for the Oni of Ife. The first article I ever published in a newspaper was on the Olojo festival at Ile-Ife, which was published by the African Guardian, a magazine. By that time, Nduka Irabor was the Editor of the African Guardian. When my first article was published, I felt so inspired, in fact, I felt so important I used to go to bed just looking at my byline. Then, I sent other articles. The first of my articles that was published in The Guardian proper was called The Politics of Language in which I was attacking Odia Ofeimun. Odia had, himself, attacked Ngugi wa Thiong’o, the Kenyan author.
He said Ngugi was parochial by not writing in English anymore. So, I now wrote The Politics of Language. In it, I said that Odia ought to have understood Ngugi’s decision that he wanted, I believe, to develop his local language. He wanted to develop his local language. He believed he had made a name already in English and had nothing to prove in English. So, his contribution to his people will also be to develop his own local language. And then, nothing stops people from translating his works into English. That was my own argument.
Then, Odia Ofiemum came back, charging. In fact, the first thing he wrote was Dele Momodu’s juvenile theory. He said I was very childish. That was when Journalism was journalism. So, by the time I came to Lagos under the prompting of Onukaba, I was already a household name. I was writing for The Guardian, I was writing for Sunday Tribune under Folu Olamiti. Olamiti was the editor of Sunday Tribune then. So, by the time I came to Louis Obi and I said I needed a job, he just looked at me and said ‘You need a job? I will give you one immediately.’ In fact, it was me that was begging him that I could not start immediately. He even asked me how much I would like to earn and I couldn’t calculate, because when I was writing for The Guardian, I was getting N25 per article. So, I would publish four articles and travel from Ife t0 Lagos to collect N100. In those days, N100 was big money. I would spend about N20 and still have N80 left. In those days, our bursary in school was N500 and that would buy you books and you can even travel abroad with it.
Why did you choose to read Yoruba in the first place?
I have always been a rebel. I was working in the University of Ife Library between 1977 and 1978. I read every book of literature you can think of. Today, I think I have one of the biggest libraries of the African literary series. If you talk of the Ngugi wa Thiong’os, the Wole Soyinkas, the Chinua Achebes, the Elechi Amadis, the Cyprian Ekwensis of this world, and others, I bought everything. I am a voracious reader. So, I have read everything.
Then, I realised that every year, when I looked at the convocation list of the University of Ife, you would find 200 or more graduating from English Department. In Yoruba, you will see a maximum of four people. So, I asked how come more people couldn’t read Yoruba, but they are reading English, Law and Medicine. From my research, I found that number one, a lot of people felt Yoruba was inferior, as a language; they didn’t find it as something that was stylish; so they ran way from it. Number two, a lot of people felt that Yoruba was too complex and complicated to read. So, I decided that was what I was going to read.
Incidentally, you cannot be described as a Yoruba man…
Well, yes. But my mum is a Yoruba woman. She is from Gbongan in Osun State. She influenced me. She couldn’t speak a word of English and whenever she woke up she would recite my oriki. Her Yoruba was very concentrated and that also influenced me. And at that time, don’t forget that we were doing the course unit system in the university, which allowed you to take your major and electives in other courses. So, while I was doing my major in Yoruba, I was taking electives in Literature in English, Music, History and Philosophy, and so on. When we started we were about 65. We were the first set of Jambites in 1978. By the time we got to Part 2, we were about 35. By the time we got to Part 3, we were about 23. By the time we got to Part 4, only six of us did Yoruba single honours and I was among the six. But later, when I wanted to do my Master’s, I decided I was going to do it in Literature in English.
But the university said no, it was unheard of. They said, if I wanted to do Literature in English, why didn’t I do it from day one. I said, ‘but I did it up to Part 3, it was only in Part 4 that I didn’t do it. So, after going back and forth, they said, okay, they would admit me into the Master’s programme, but I would have to go back to the undergraduate level to do prerequisite courses. But within a few weeks, they noticed that I was well ahead of the class, so, they gave me an exception to concentrate on Master’s in Literature in English. And till today, since that time in 1986 when I was admitted to read Master’s in Literature in English, I have not seen anybody who has a first degree in Yoruba and Master’s in Literature in English.
After your phenomenal rise in Concord, then Classique, you suddenly came out with Ovation. One would have expected that you would have done something very close to what you did in Concord and Classique…
(Cuts in…) You know, life is very funny. When I resigned from Classique in 1991, I wanted to do a paper called Ovation. This is how you will know that I am very spiritual. And when I say I am a child of destiny, what is mine will always be mine. My plan was to do a paper called Ovation. We had sat down, Kunle Bakare and I. Kunle was staying with us and Kunle was with us in Classique. So, I told Kunle Bakare about it. And Kunle brought a copy of his Thesaurus and we were searching for synonyms. And we got a name like Glitterati, Quest and a few others. Then, we saw Ovation, and I shouted yes, I like that. Ovation…loud for a purpose. That was how that name stuck. Now, the next question was how would I get money to do the paper?
So, I approached Dr. Mike Adenuga Jnr, a very thorough man. He liked the proposal; he got consultants to work on the publication. They designed the columns, the cover, and the logo. Everything was going smoothly, and I was very excited that very soon I was going to be a publisher. Then, one Sunday, he invited me to his office in Victoria Island. And he asked me what was I doing about the ownership structure. I told him that I would want him to be the chairman, and I would be the managing director. And that at the end of the day, I would invite two directors who were my good friends. One would be Kayode Ajala, who was then with Hints, and the other was Kunle Bakare. I wanted to have a blend of Fame and Hints. Fame started from my place at Ikeja. I wanted something different. I liked the designer at Hints at the time, Dr. Olukoya. He read Fine Arts in Ife. I wanted someone with that artistic creativity. So, I told Dr. Mike Adenuga I wanted to bring those guys.
He looked at me and said, ‘Dele, you I know, others I don’t know. And I want to tell you that I don’t do business with people I don’t know, because I don’t like trouble with people. I run my things solo.’ That was the first thing he convinced me about, that all these rumours that he was fronting for this and fronting for that are all lies. So, he said he could accommodate me, but all those other guys, no way. I stuck to my gun despite the fact that I had no money. I had nothing and I was desperate, still I stuck to my gun. I am a principled man. I had promised those guys that they would be part of the team and I was not going to go back on my word. And Dr. Adenuga just stretched his hand and said, ‘have a nice day’.
Going down, I did a quick reflection, and I said, ‘what kind of a stupid, poor man am I? I’m trying to protect some men who still had their jobs, meanwhile I didn’t have any job.’ But that is me; anytime I promise something, if the heavens will fall, let it fall, but I will stand by that promise. So, I gave up Ovation. That was early 1992. So, I left Dr. Adenuga and went to Kola Abiola. Kola liked it. He invited me to his office at Anthony Village. He said ‘Dele, I love this idea and I trust that it will do very well. But there is a problem.’ I almost suffered a heart attack. He was my last hope. He said, ‘You know that my father is in the business of publishing, and if I invest in a publishing company, it might be misinterpreted that I am trying to compete with my father.’ That was how my dream died.
He could see on my face that if care was not taken this man would collapse in his office. Then, he said, is there anything else I can do that he would be able to support? I asked him, like what? He said, like public relations. I said ‘yes, in fact, I am a born PR person’. He said, ‘our company, Summit Oil International, has just discovered oil in commercial quantity. Can you package it for us?’ I said, of course, I would do anything for MKO. That was how I got my first account as a public relations consultant.
That was how I became a PR consultant to Chief Abiola. Later, Dr. Mike Adenuga called me, and I used to do his media relations. I was also selling bread, Wonderloaf. That was how I perished the idea of ever publishing a paper all my life. Towards the end of 1992, something changed and I went back into journalism. I got an invitation from Nduka Obiagbena to be the pioneer editor of Leaders And Company. But I said I wasn’t interested in doing journalism. I gave him impossible conditions and he met the conditions, so, I had no choice really. I helped him recruit some key people who started the paper. That was how I came back to journalism.
Suddenly, in 1993, Chief Abiola went into politics. I followed Abiola while Nduka followed Tofa. But he did very well. He kept my team, though the paper did not come out immediately. I used to go periodically to see them. Back to Ovation… After we went through the whole thing of June 12, when I was put into detention at Alagbon, and Abiola himself was arrested in 1994, Abacha forced me into exile in 1995. I never dreamt I would do a publication again in my life. But getting to exile in the UK, there was no job. So, one Sunday afternoon, I went to see a cousin of mine, Segun Fatoye. And he said, ‘Egbon (brother), what are you going to be doing for a living here, because down here it is different? At the rate you are going you may wind up a security guard or a dishwasher or something. I said that was not my portion. He said, but you were a good journalist back home, so why not start a paper in London? At the time, there was nothing really happening except Kayode Soyinka’s Africa Today and maybe one or two other publications. I said that was a good idea, but the problem is money. That’s how the Ovation story resurrected.
We did the business plan and we were going to need 150,000 pounds. Small scale. If you sold my family from first generation to the last generation, you won’t come up with that kind of money. So, I went to my bankers at the National Westminster Bank. She said, Mr. Momodu, I like the enthusiasm on your face, but here, we don’t run a charity. If you are going to get a loan, you must have a record in doing business here in the UK. So, how are we going to score your credit rating? She asked. She said she was going to take a risk and give me an overdraft. She gave me an overdraft of 5,000 pounds. Then, my uncle, Fatoye, who was at NITEL, had to empty his account. He came out with 10,000 pounds. We had a few other guys here and there who came up with 2,00o pounds, 1,000 pounds, but everything we got could not have been more than 20,000 pounds. But I am grateful to God that from that small beginning, we have been able to build a global brand. We are going to be 15 in April and I pray that by that time, I am going to be President and Commander in Chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces.
Talking about being president of the country, many people believe the only thing you are bringing to the table is your intellectual content. And I remember when we started this interview, you said people were trying to underrate you…
(Cuts in…) That’s correct. In fact, some of my worst critics are my own colleagues. I have been so disappointed and not disappointed. I have been disappointed because they can’t see where I am coming from and where I am going.
Maybe it has to do with the special attribute of journalism about people being sceptical first before believing…
No. I will explain it away by quoting from one of my favourite books. The title is Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paulo Ferreira. His thesis is that the oppressed man respects and fears only one man, his oppressor. Nigerians have, for so long, been intimidated by the big names, by the big men. Perceived big men because when you actually search them, they are empty. My life is not in the hands of any big man. That is why I am a builder. I love to build from the scratch. Nigeria is a country of ‘ready-made’. We like importing. We like the easy road. But I like to take the hard road, less travelled. So, for those who wrote me off, I only have one thing: sympathy.
One of the arguments is that politics in Nigeria is extremely monetized that your pocket has to be extremely deep to make any impact…
Don’t let us jump the gun. Don’t let us bring the issue of money. Let us start with what I am bringing to the table. The other day, I called Uncle Tunde Fagbenle (a columnist). Every time he writes, he is always writing about Buhari and Ribadu. But I had enough of it and I called him. When he saw my call, he started laughing, saying that Dele has come with his trouble again. I am one person that is not afraid to talk to my friends, colleagues and elders. So, I said, ‘Uncle Tunde, when are you going to end this fixation?’ There is this fixation that only some group of people are qualified to rule Nigeria, and others are not qualified. For instance, tell me how General Muhammadu Buhari is better than me. Try and convince me how he is better than me. He forced his way into politics in 1983 through a coup. He was not a politician, he was a soldier. What is the role of a soldier? It is to protect and destroy. The man forced his way into politics. On account of that alone, he is disqualified. People cannot praise any man that commits treason against his fatherland.
Even though, years later, he got converted?
What evidence do we have? But that is number one. Then, number two: Let us assume that we forgive him. By the time he forced his way into politics in 1983 I was already in politics. I can tell you that I started politics right in my university days. I was involved in student unionism. By the year 1983, I was already the private secretary of the then Deputy Governor of Ondo State, Chief Akin Omoboriowo. They experienced all the riots, all the crisis in Ondo State. I was right in the middle of it all. By the time I was 26, I was already working for the Ooni of Ife. There was nothing more political than working in the palace of Oduduwa, where everybody came from time to time to consult the oracle.
Three: by 1988, I was working for Abiola. There was no politician who could be bigger than that. I travelled all around the country and the world for and with him. By 1993, I was a major actor in the 1993 elections. Put Buhari aside. Did you ever hear of the name, Atiku, before 1993 when we went to Jos, when Abiola contested against Atiku and Babagana Kingibe? Did you ever hear the name Jonathan? I read from Rueben Abati that Jonathan came into politics in 1998, while I came into politics in 1982. That is almost 16 years difference. So, in terms of seniority, I am senior to Jonathan in politics. When Jonathan was teaching in secondary school in the 1980s, I was already teaching A levels. The problem with journalists is number one: we don’t do our research. Number two, we underrate ourselves. Number three: we don’t like ourselves. We belittle ourselves. And we forget that if we belittle Dele Momodu, we are belittling all journalists in Nigeria.
As a man wrote, if Dele Momodu were to be a lawyer, he would have been the equivalent of several Senior Advocates of Nigeria put together. If I were to be in the military, I would have been a General. So, if you say Buhari is qualified, like some people say he is qualified on the grounds of experience, but how old was he when he forced his way into power? He was just 44. So, what experience did he have? Which school of leadership did he attend? Which training did he obtain? He was in power for two years with (the late General) Tunde Idiagbon, who was in charge. People forget that it was Tunde Idiagbon that was in charge. I told an editor recently that the reason why some of our guys are jumping about like frogs for Buhari is number one: collective amnesia, to borrow Wole Syinka’s words. We can forget things easily. We forget that Journalists had a raw deal under Idiagbon. We forget that even Nigerians had a raw deal in the hands of this man. We forget that Buhari is an excellent study in double standards. While Shagari, who was the president of the Federal Republic was put under house arrest, his Vice President, Dr. Alex Ekwueme, was put in Kirikiri Maximum Prisons. What offence did Ekwueme commit that Shagari and other NPN bigwigs, like Umaru Dikko, like Uba Ahmed, did not commit 1000 times?
Sadly, most of the people who are writing today are too young to appreciate all these. Some of them don’t even know the history because they were not born then.
So, a lot of our guys are poor and suffering today and they see every rich and successful man as a rogue. They are looking for the person who will help them kill their enemies and they find a veritable tool in a Buhari or a Nuhu Ribadu. That is the attraction. It is not about their achievements. Ask them anything, and they will just tell you that they are not corrupt. So, who told them that I am corrupt? Have I ever been in government before? Let me finish with Buhari and take others on. What were the achievements of Buhari in those two years? Buhari failed so woefully that when Babangida took over power, people trooped to the streets in jubilation.
Maybe the reason is that Nigerians do not like discipline…
No. The man who will discipline will, first of all, discipline himself.
Are you suggesting otherwise?
Yes. The facts are there. That is why I gave you the examples of Shagari being put under house arrest and his vice president was put in prison. What kind of stupid discipline is that?
That is number one. Number two, you are telling me a man is disciplined, and you asked the people not to bring in suitcases, and 53 suitcases found their way into our airport and they vamoosed! Till today, nobody has told us what was the content of the suitcases. What kind of discipline is that? I read in one of Achebe’s book, maybe No Longer At Ease, and it says, “do as I say and not as I do.” That was what Buhari’s government signified.wp_posts

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Posted by admin on Mar 6 2011. Filed under Muhammadu Buhari (1983-85, 2015 - 2023), Presidency. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback to this entry